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  • 01 - Industry Basics
    • What do Architects really do?
    • Fresh Grad to Architect
    • Understanding how the Industry works
    • Parties Involved
    • Design Process in Practice
    • Working with Consultants
    • Working with Clients
    • Working with Contractors
    • Working with Project Briefs
    • Design & Coordination Basics
    • Specialist Design Items
    • What is Good Building Design?
    • Drawings & Specifications
    • Drafting / BIM conventions
    • Gridlines & Dimensions
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    • Annotation Basics: Plans, Sections & Elevations
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    • Types of Architectural Practices
    • Software & Tools for Architects
    • Building Construction Technologies
    • Parametric Design in Architecture
    • Parametric Design in Construction
    • Future of Archi Practice / AI in the BE Industry
    • Social Architecture
    • Conservation / Adaptive Reuse
    • Additions & Alterations
    • Building Compliance Basics
    • Communication & Negotiation
    • Salary & Career Progression Tips
    • Getting Licensed
  • 02 - Site Planning & Building Design Concepts
    • Feasibility Studies
    • Site Planning & Analysis
    • Concept Design
    • Design Methods
    • Parti Diagrams
    • Anthropometry
    • Program & Circulation
    • Planning Parameters
    • Massing & Orientation
    • Building Height & Coverage
    • Clear Width & Heights
    • Floor Levels
    • Slope Gradients
    • Floorplate Efficiency
    • Natural vs Mechanical Ventilation
    • Driveway Design
    • Lighting (Daylighting vs Artificial)
    • Designing for Fire Safety
    • Sustainable Design
  • 03 - Building Components, Materials & Specifications
    • Overview of Building Materials, Components & Systems
    • Overview of Finishes in Building Materials
    • Tile Types and Design Considerations
    • Types of Walls and Wall Systems
  • 04 - Building Project & Contract Administration
    • Overview of Contract Administration
    • Tender Process for a Measurement Contract
    • Project Management for Young Architects: From Design to Completion
  • Singapore Building Codes & Guides
  • Contract Types (Singapore)
  • Calculators
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On this page
  • 1. Types of Building Contracts
  • By Mechanism
  • By Standard Form
  • 2. Key Contract Mechanisms (Chronological Order)
  • 3. Appointment of Architect: Employer vs Contractor
  • 4. Design and Build vs Measurement Contract
  • 5. Things to Note for Architects Administering Contracts
  • Conclusion

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  1. 04 - Building Project & Contract Administration

Overview of Contract Administration

Contract administration is the structured process of managing the rights, duties, and obligations under a building contract.

For young architects, understanding this is critical — not only for proper project execution but also for protecting yourself and your client throughout the construction process.


1. Types of Building Contracts

There are various types of contracts used in the Singapore construction industry, depending on the project scale, delivery method, and party relationships. Here’s a breakdown:

By Mechanism

  • Measurement Contracts Payment is based on actual quantities of work done, typically measured from drawings and site progress. Suitable when the scope is not fully defined. Contractor prices per item or work unit (e.g., per m² of tiling). Final contract value depends on actual work.

  • Lump Sum / Fixed Price Contracts A single contract price is agreed upon for the entire project. Variations can still occur, but the base price remains unchanged unless adjusted. Common for traditional SIA contracts or Design & Build.

  • Design & Build (D&B) A single entity (contractor) is responsible for both design and construction. Employer sets out Employers’ Requirements (ERs) and Employers’ Notional Design, which contractors use as a basis to bid a lump sum price. Faster delivery but less design control for the architect unless engaged directly.

By Standard Form

  • SIA Building Contract (Singapore Institute of Architects) Commonly used for private-sector projects. Architect is the contract administrator and impartial certifier.

  • PSSCOC (Public Sector Standard Conditions of Contract) Standard for government projects (HDB, LTA, BCA, etc.). Typically used with measurement contracts and more procedural requirements.

  • REDAS Design & Build Contract Used by private developers for design-and-build developments. Prioritises speed and single responsibility through the contractor.

  • Subcontract Agreements Used between main contractor and subcontractors (e.g., M&E trades). Architects typically do not administer these.

  • Minor Works Contract For projects with smaller scopes (e.g., under $1M). Simpler terms and processes, fewer formalities.

Check out my list of building contracts here:


2. Key Contract Mechanisms (Chronological Order)

Here are the main mechanisms and milestones that occur in a typical project timeline. The list is not exhaustive.

  1. Commencement of Works Contract signed, site handed over, and Notice of Commencement issued.

  2. Submittals and Approvals Contractor submits shop drawings, material samples, and method statements for approval by consultants.

  3. Progress Claims and Payment Certificates Contractor submits monthly claims. Architect or QS assesses and certifies payments via interim certificates.

  4. Variations (VOs) Any change to the contract scope or specifications. Can add or omit works and affect cost/time.

  5. Extensions of Time (EOT) If delays are not the contractor’s fault (e.g., weather, late approvals), they can apply for more time. Usually within 14 days of the event (check contract clause).

  6. Retention Sum A portion (commonly 5-10%) of each payment is withheld to ensure the contractor completes outstanding works and fixes defects. Half is released upon Practical Completion, the rest after the Defects Liability Period.

  7. Delays and Liquidated Damages (LDs) If the contractor delays the project without approved EOT, LDs are imposed as pre-agreed damages (e.g., $5,000/day).

  8. Disputes Arise from payment issues, rejected variations, or EOT claims. Resolved through mediation, adjudication (SOPA), arbitration or litigation depending on contract.

  9. Practical Completion Architect certifies the project is substantially complete and usable. Triggers start of the Defects Liability Period (usually 12 months).

  10. Defects Rectification Contractor fixes any defects noted before and during the DLP. Owner can use retention money if the contractor fails to rectify.

  11. Final Account and Completion Certificate Final cost of project tallied. No further claims allowed once this is signed off.


3. Appointment of Architect: Employer vs Contractor

The architect’s role and duties differ based on who appoints them:

  • Traditional Contract (e.g. SIA) The Employer appoints the architect directly. The architect acts as designer, lead consultant, and impartial contract administrator. You certify payments, assess variations, grant EOTs, and issue practical completion.

  • Design & Build Contract (e.g. REDAS D&B) The Contractor appoints the architect, usually as a Consultant Architect to help fulfil the Employers’ Requirements. The architect has no impartial role and acts more as a technical designer. The Employer may separately engage an independent Employer’s Representative to oversee compliance.


4. Design and Build vs Measurement Contract

Feature
Design and Build
Traditional (Measurement or SIA Lump Sum)

Design Responsibility

Contractor (based on ERs & Notional Design)

Architect/Consultant

Tender Basis

Based on Employers’ Requirements and outline drawings. Contractor submits a lump sum offer.

Based on fully detailed drawings and BOQ. Contractor prices per unit rate, contract sum varies.

Architect’s Role

Consultant to Contractor (no admin role)

Architect as contract administrator and certifier

Speed

Faster

Slower due to full design first

Cost Certainty

Higher (fixed sum)

Variable (measured quantities)

Design Control

Lower (unless tightly specified)

Higher


5. Things to Note for Architects Administering Contracts

Whether you’re certifying claims, assessing delays or evaluating defects, here are some must-know practices:

  • Timelines and Notices For example, under SIA, EOT claims must be submitted within 14 days of delay events. Late notices = no entitlement.

  • Proper Documentation All variations, approvals, and instructions should be in writing. Meeting minutes, site memos and photographs are your best defence in disputes.

  • Impartiality Even if appointed by the Employer, the architect must act fairly under the contract. Biased decisions can be challenged legally.

  • Dispute Resolution Path

    • SIA Contract: Arbitration

    • PSSCOC: Adjudication (via SOPA)

    • REDAS: Mediation > Arbitration

  • Common Pitfalls

    • Delayed VOs or EOT assessments

    • Certifying payments without site verification

    • Issuing instructions without cost/time implications considered


Conclusion

Understanding contract administration helps architects safeguard project quality, timelines, and relationships. Whether under a traditional SIA contract or a Design & Build delivery model, your ability to interpret and apply contract terms fairly is essential to your credibility and success.


Recommended References (Singapore)

  • SIA Building Contracts 9th Edition – Singapore Institute of Architects

  • PSSCOC Standard Forms – Building and Construction Authority (BCA)

  • REDAS Design & Build Standard Form – Real Estate Developers' Association of Singapore

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Security of Payment Act (SOPA) –

Contract Types (Singapore)
https://sopa-bca.gov.sg